Factores determinantes del cierre de empresas informales por género: un estudio microeconómico aplicado en Senegal
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Resumen
El objetivo de este artículo es examinar los factores determinantes del cierre de empresas informales durante la pandemia COVID-19, centrándose en las diferencias entre las empresas dirigidas por mujeres y las dirigidas por hombres. Para ello, se utilizó un enfoque de regresión logística, junto con el método de emparejamiento para evaluar el impacto de la pandemia. El estudio se fundamenta en una base de datos elaborada por el Laboratorio de Análisis de Políticas de Desarrollo, Universidad Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, que comprende 923 empresas informales de diversos sectores en Dakar. Los resultados revelan que los negocios manejados por mujeres se vieron más afectados por la pandemia, con una mayor probabilidad de cierre temporal. Estos resultados subrayan el impacto desproporcionado de la crisis sobre las mujeres empresarias del sector informal, y ponen de relieve la necesidad de medidas específicas para apoyar a esta población vulnerable durante y después de la pandemia.
Palabras Clave
COVID-19, business closures, propensity score matching, informal sector, gender disparities, logistic regression, female-led businesses, male-led businesses COVID-19, cierre de empresas, coincidencia de puntuaciones de propensión, sector informal, disparidades de género, regresión logística, empresas dirigidas por mujeres, empresas dirigidas por hombres
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Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Demographie. 2016. Rapport projection de la population du Senegal (2013-2063). ANSD (168pp). Dakar, Senegal. http://bitly.ws/IpDG
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Alon, T., Coskun, S., Doepke, M., Koll, D. y Tertilt, M. 2022. From mancession to shecession: Womens employment in regular and pandemic recessions. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 36(1), 83-151. https://doi.org/10.1086/718660
Ahmed, T., Muzi, S. y Ueda, K. 2020. Do crises hit female-managed and male-managed firms differently? Evidence from the 2008 Financial Crisis. Enterprise Note Series No. 39. World Bank, Washington, DC. http://bitly.ws/IcPp
Alibhai, S., Buehren, N. y Papineni, S. July 10, 2018. Better loans or better borrowers? impact of meso-credit on female-owned enterprises in Ethiopia. Impact of meso-credit on female-owned enterprises in Ethiopia. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (8511). http://bitly.ws/IcPQ
Amin, M. y Viganola, D. 2021. Does better access to finance help firms deal with the COVID-19 Pandemic? Evidence from firm-level survey data. Policy Research Working Paper No. 9697. World Bank, Washington, DC. http://bitly.ws/IcRf
ANDE. 2020a. COVID-19 Implications for Small and Growing Businesses: Emerging Evidence in India from the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem. ANDE Issue Brief 38, Aspen Network of Development Entrepreneurs (ANDE), Washington, DC. http://bitly.ws/LbzA
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Apedo-Amah, M. C., Avdiu, B., Cirera, X., Cruz, M., Davies, E., Grover, A., Iacovone, L., Kilinc, U., Medvedev, D., Maduko, F. O., Poupakis, S., Torres, J. y Tran, T. T. 2020. Unmasking the Impact of COVID-19 on Businesses. Policy Research Working Paper No. 9434. http://bitly.ws/nDTu
Aristei, D. y Gallo, M. 2022. Are female-led firms disadvantaged in accessing bank credit? Evidence from transition economies. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 17(6), 1484-1521.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-03-2020-0286
Bennett, P., Ravetti, C. y Wong, P. Y. 2021. Losing in a boom: Long-term consequences of a local economic shock for female labour market outcomes. Labour Economics, 73, 102080.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102080
Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Mizen, P., Smietanka, P. y Thwaites, G. 2020. The impact of Covid-19 on productivity (No. w28233). National Bureau of Economic Research. http://bitly.ws/IcS8
Bloom, N., Fletcher, R. S. y Yeh, E. 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on US firms (No. w28314). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w28314
Buffington, C., Dennis, C., Dinlersoz, E., Foster, L. y Klimek, S. 2020. Measuring the effect of covid-19 on us small businesses: The small business pulse survey (No. 20-16). http://bitly.ws/IcTf
Campos, F., Coleman, R. D., Conconi, A., Donald, A., Gassier, M., Goldstein, M. P., Chavez, Z., Mikulski, J., Milazzo, A., Paryavi, M., Pierotti, R, OSullivan, M. y Vaillant, J. 2019. Profiting from parity: unlocking the potential of womens businesses in Africa: Main Report. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. http://bitly.ws/Lbtz
Chaudhuri, K., Sasidharan, S. y Raj, R. S. N. 2020. Gender, small firm ownership, and credit access: some insights from India. Small Business Economics, 54, 1165-1181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0124-3
Chawla, M., Sahni, P. y Sadhwani, K. 2020. Can COVID-19 be the turning point for women entrepreneurs in India. Bain & Company, Google and AWE Foundation. http://bitly.ws/IpFD
Collins, C., Landivar, L. C., Ruppanner, L. y Scarborough, W. J. 2021. COVID-19 and the gender gap in work hours. Gender, Work & Organization, 28, 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12506
Cui, R., Ding, H. y Zhu, F. 2022. Gender inequality in research productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 24(2), 707-726.
https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.0991
Dang, H. A. H. y Nguyen, C. V. 2021. Gender inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Income, expenditure, savings, and job loss. World Development, 140, 105296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105296
Elgin, C., Kose, M. A., Ohnsorge, F. y Yu, S. 2021. Understanding informality. CAMA Working Paper No. 76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3916568
Facebook, OECD y World Bank. 2020. The Future of Business Survey. Technical report.
http://bitly.ws/LbAJ
Fairlie, R. 2020. The impact of COVID19 on small business owners: Evidence from the first three months after widespread social-distancing restrictions. Journal of economics & management strategy, 29(4), 727-740. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27462
Gezici, A. y Ozay, O. 2020. An intersectional analysis of COVID-19 unemployment. Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 3(4), 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41996-020-00075-w
Hardy, M. y Kagy, G. 2018, May. Mind the (profit) gap: why are female enterprise owners earning less than men? In AEA Papers and Proceedings (Vol. 108, pp. 252-55).
https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181025
Hardy, M. y Kagy, G. 2020. Its getting crowded in here: experimental evidence of demand constraints in the gender profit gap. The Economic Journal, 130(631), 2272-2290. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa040
Hyland, M. e Islam, A. 2021. Gendered laws, informal origins, and subsequent performance. Policy Research Working Paper 9766. Washington, DC: World Bank https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9766
Islam, A. M. y Amin, M. 2023. The gender labor productivity gap across informal firms. World Development, 167, 106229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106229
Islam, A. M., Gaddis, I., Palacios López, A. y Amin, M. 2020. The labor productivity gap between formal businesses run by women and men. Feminist Economics, 26(4), 228-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1797139
Islam, A., Palacios Lopez, A. y Amin, M. 2019. Decomposing the labour productivity gap between migrant-owned and native-owned firms in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(9), 2065-2082. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1520215
Jaim, J. 2021. Exist or exit? Women business-owners in Bangladesh during COVID19. Gender, Work & Organization, 28, 209-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12546
Karalashvili, N. y Viganola, D. 2021. The evolving effect of COVID-19 on the private sector. Global Indicators Briefs; No. 1. World Bank, Washington, DC. http://bitly.ws/IcUn
Kiefer, K., Heileman, M. y Pett, T. L. 2022. Does gender still matter? An examination of small business performance. Small Business Economics, 58(1), 141-167
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00403-2
Kikuchi, S., Kitao, S. y Mikoshiba, M. 2021. Who suffers from the COVID-19 shocks? Labor market heterogeneity and welfare consequences in Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 59, 101117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2020.101117
Klasen, S. 2020. From MeToo to Boko Haram: A survey of levels and trends of gender inequality in the world. World Development 128(C): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104862
Liu, Y., Wei, S. y Xu, J. 2021. COVID-19 and women-led businesses around the world. Finance Research Letters, 43, 102012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102012
Manolova, T. S., Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. F. y Elam, A. 2020. Pivoting to stay the course: How women entrepreneurs take advantage of opportunities created by the COVID-19 pandemic. International Small Business Journal, 38(6), 481-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620949136
MEPC [Ministere de lEconomie du Plan et de la Cooperation]. 2020. Recueil des principaux textes emis depuis le debut de la crise sanitaire liee a la covid-19-expose des textes. http://bitly.ws/IpGy
Montenovo, L., Jiang, X., Lozano-Rojas, F., Schmutte, I., Simon, K., Weinberg, B. A. y Wing, C. 2022. Determinants of disparities in early COVID-19 job losses. Demography, 59(3), 827-855.
https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9961471
Mroczek-Dabrowska, K. y Gawel, A. 2020. Determinants of female entrepreneurship in male-and female-dominated sectors in selected European countries. International Entrepreneurship Review, 6(2), 55-68.
https://doi.org/10.15678/IER.2020.0602.04
Munyegera, G. K. y Precious, A. 2018. The gender gap in firm productivity in Rwanda: Evidence from establishment and household enterprise data (No. 2018/100). WIDER Working Paper. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/542-8
Ohnsorge, F. y Shu, Y. (eds.) 2021. The Long Shadow of Informality: Challenges and Policies. Advance Edition. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO. http://bitly.ws/Li6p
Oladipo, O., Platt, K. y Shim, H. S. 2023. Female entrepreneurs managing from home. Small Business Economics, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00713-7
Power, K. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561
Reuschke, D., Henley, A., Daniel, E. y Price, V. 2021. Testing the differential impact of COVID-19 on self-employed women and men in the United Kingdom. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3813643
Rosenbaum, P. R. y Rubin, D. B. 1983. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
Schneider, J. 2020. Future of business survey methodology note. Facebook, November, 2, 2020. http://bitly.ws/LbGK
Shoma, C. D. 2019. Financing female entrepreneurs in cottage, micro, small, and medium enterprises: Evidence from the financial sector in Bangladesh 2010-2018. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 6(3), 397-416.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.286
Ud Din, N., Cheng, X. y Nazneen, S. 2018. Women skills and career advancement: A review of gender (in) equality in an accounting workplace. Economic Research-Ekonomska istrazivanja, 31(1), 1512-1525.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.14968
Wodon, Q. y De La Briere, B. 2018. Unrealized potential: the high cost of gender inequality in earnings. World Bank. https://bit.ly/4411YnL
Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Demographie. 2019. Enquete Regionale Integree sur lEmploi et le Secteur Informel (ERI-ESI). ANSD (288pp). Rapport final. Dakar, Senegal. http://bitly.ws/IpEg
Alon, T., Coskun, S., Doepke, M., Koll, D. y Tertilt, M. 2022. From mancession to shecession: Womens employment in regular and pandemic recessions. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 36(1), 83-151. https://doi.org/10.1086/718660
Ahmed, T., Muzi, S. y Ueda, K. 2020. Do crises hit female-managed and male-managed firms differently? Evidence from the 2008 Financial Crisis. Enterprise Note Series No. 39. World Bank, Washington, DC. http://bitly.ws/IcPp
Alibhai, S., Buehren, N. y Papineni, S. July 10, 2018. Better loans or better borrowers? impact of meso-credit on female-owned enterprises in Ethiopia. Impact of meso-credit on female-owned enterprises in Ethiopia. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (8511). http://bitly.ws/IcPQ
Amin, M. y Viganola, D. 2021. Does better access to finance help firms deal with the COVID-19 Pandemic? Evidence from firm-level survey data. Policy Research Working Paper No. 9697. World Bank, Washington, DC. http://bitly.ws/IcRf
ANDE. 2020a. COVID-19 Implications for Small and Growing Businesses: Emerging Evidence in India from the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem. ANDE Issue Brief 38, Aspen Network of Development Entrepreneurs (ANDE), Washington, DC. http://bitly.ws/LbzA
ANDE. 2020b. The Small and Growing Business Sector and the COVID-19 Crisis: Emerging Evidence on Key Risks and Needs. ANDE Issue Brief 38, Aspen Network of Development Entrepreneurs (ANDE), Washington, DC. http://bitly.ws/LbDj
Apedo-Amah, M. C., Avdiu, B., Cirera, X., Cruz, M., Davies, E., Grover, A., Iacovone, L., Kilinc, U., Medvedev, D., Maduko, F. O., Poupakis, S., Torres, J. y Tran, T. T. 2020. Unmasking the Impact of COVID-19 on Businesses. Policy Research Working Paper No. 9434. http://bitly.ws/nDTu
Aristei, D. y Gallo, M. 2022. Are female-led firms disadvantaged in accessing bank credit? Evidence from transition economies. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 17(6), 1484-1521.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-03-2020-0286
Bennett, P., Ravetti, C. y Wong, P. Y. 2021. Losing in a boom: Long-term consequences of a local economic shock for female labour market outcomes. Labour Economics, 73, 102080.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102080
Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Mizen, P., Smietanka, P. y Thwaites, G. 2020. The impact of Covid-19 on productivity (No. w28233). National Bureau of Economic Research. http://bitly.ws/IcS8
Bloom, N., Fletcher, R. S. y Yeh, E. 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on US firms (No. w28314). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w28314
Buffington, C., Dennis, C., Dinlersoz, E., Foster, L. y Klimek, S. 2020. Measuring the effect of covid-19 on us small businesses: The small business pulse survey (No. 20-16). http://bitly.ws/IcTf
Campos, F., Coleman, R. D., Conconi, A., Donald, A., Gassier, M., Goldstein, M. P., Chavez, Z., Mikulski, J., Milazzo, A., Paryavi, M., Pierotti, R, OSullivan, M. y Vaillant, J. 2019. Profiting from parity: unlocking the potential of womens businesses in Africa: Main Report. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. http://bitly.ws/Lbtz
Chaudhuri, K., Sasidharan, S. y Raj, R. S. N. 2020. Gender, small firm ownership, and credit access: some insights from India. Small Business Economics, 54, 1165-1181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0124-3
Chawla, M., Sahni, P. y Sadhwani, K. 2020. Can COVID-19 be the turning point for women entrepreneurs in India. Bain & Company, Google and AWE Foundation. http://bitly.ws/IpFD
Collins, C., Landivar, L. C., Ruppanner, L. y Scarborough, W. J. 2021. COVID-19 and the gender gap in work hours. Gender, Work & Organization, 28, 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12506
Cui, R., Ding, H. y Zhu, F. 2022. Gender inequality in research productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 24(2), 707-726.
https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.0991
Dang, H. A. H. y Nguyen, C. V. 2021. Gender inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Income, expenditure, savings, and job loss. World Development, 140, 105296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105296
Elgin, C., Kose, M. A., Ohnsorge, F. y Yu, S. 2021. Understanding informality. CAMA Working Paper No. 76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3916568
Facebook, OECD y World Bank. 2020. The Future of Business Survey. Technical report.
http://bitly.ws/LbAJ
Fairlie, R. 2020. The impact of COVID19 on small business owners: Evidence from the first three months after widespread social-distancing restrictions. Journal of economics & management strategy, 29(4), 727-740. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27462
Gezici, A. y Ozay, O. 2020. An intersectional analysis of COVID-19 unemployment. Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 3(4), 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41996-020-00075-w
Hardy, M. y Kagy, G. 2018, May. Mind the (profit) gap: why are female enterprise owners earning less than men? In AEA Papers and Proceedings (Vol. 108, pp. 252-55).
https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181025
Hardy, M. y Kagy, G. 2020. Its getting crowded in here: experimental evidence of demand constraints in the gender profit gap. The Economic Journal, 130(631), 2272-2290. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa040
Hyland, M. e Islam, A. 2021. Gendered laws, informal origins, and subsequent performance. Policy Research Working Paper 9766. Washington, DC: World Bank https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9766
Islam, A. M. y Amin, M. 2023. The gender labor productivity gap across informal firms. World Development, 167, 106229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106229
Islam, A. M., Gaddis, I., Palacios López, A. y Amin, M. 2020. The labor productivity gap between formal businesses run by women and men. Feminist Economics, 26(4), 228-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1797139
Islam, A., Palacios Lopez, A. y Amin, M. 2019. Decomposing the labour productivity gap between migrant-owned and native-owned firms in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(9), 2065-2082. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1520215
Jaim, J. 2021. Exist or exit? Women business-owners in Bangladesh during COVID19. Gender, Work & Organization, 28, 209-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12546
Karalashvili, N. y Viganola, D. 2021. The evolving effect of COVID-19 on the private sector. Global Indicators Briefs; No. 1. World Bank, Washington, DC. http://bitly.ws/IcUn
Kiefer, K., Heileman, M. y Pett, T. L. 2022. Does gender still matter? An examination of small business performance. Small Business Economics, 58(1), 141-167
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00403-2
Kikuchi, S., Kitao, S. y Mikoshiba, M. 2021. Who suffers from the COVID-19 shocks? Labor market heterogeneity and welfare consequences in Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 59, 101117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2020.101117
Klasen, S. 2020. From MeToo to Boko Haram: A survey of levels and trends of gender inequality in the world. World Development 128(C): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104862
Liu, Y., Wei, S. y Xu, J. 2021. COVID-19 and women-led businesses around the world. Finance Research Letters, 43, 102012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102012
Manolova, T. S., Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. F. y Elam, A. 2020. Pivoting to stay the course: How women entrepreneurs take advantage of opportunities created by the COVID-19 pandemic. International Small Business Journal, 38(6), 481-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620949136
MEPC [Ministere de lEconomie du Plan et de la Cooperation]. 2020. Recueil des principaux textes emis depuis le debut de la crise sanitaire liee a la covid-19-expose des textes. http://bitly.ws/IpGy
Montenovo, L., Jiang, X., Lozano-Rojas, F., Schmutte, I., Simon, K., Weinberg, B. A. y Wing, C. 2022. Determinants of disparities in early COVID-19 job losses. Demography, 59(3), 827-855.
https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9961471
Mroczek-Dabrowska, K. y Gawel, A. 2020. Determinants of female entrepreneurship in male-and female-dominated sectors in selected European countries. International Entrepreneurship Review, 6(2), 55-68.
https://doi.org/10.15678/IER.2020.0602.04
Munyegera, G. K. y Precious, A. 2018. The gender gap in firm productivity in Rwanda: Evidence from establishment and household enterprise data (No. 2018/100). WIDER Working Paper. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/542-8
Ohnsorge, F. y Shu, Y. (eds.) 2021. The Long Shadow of Informality: Challenges and Policies. Advance Edition. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO. http://bitly.ws/Li6p
Oladipo, O., Platt, K. y Shim, H. S. 2023. Female entrepreneurs managing from home. Small Business Economics, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00713-7
Power, K. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561
Reuschke, D., Henley, A., Daniel, E. y Price, V. 2021. Testing the differential impact of COVID-19 on self-employed women and men in the United Kingdom. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3813643
Rosenbaum, P. R. y Rubin, D. B. 1983. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
Schneider, J. 2020. Future of business survey methodology note. Facebook, November, 2, 2020. http://bitly.ws/LbGK
Shoma, C. D. 2019. Financing female entrepreneurs in cottage, micro, small, and medium enterprises: Evidence from the financial sector in Bangladesh 2010-2018. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 6(3), 397-416.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.286
Ud Din, N., Cheng, X. y Nazneen, S. 2018. Women skills and career advancement: A review of gender (in) equality in an accounting workplace. Economic Research-Ekonomska istrazivanja, 31(1), 1512-1525.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.14968
Wodon, Q. y De La Briere, B. 2018. Unrealized potential: the high cost of gender inequality in earnings. World Bank. https://bit.ly/4411YnL
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