Performance and efficiency of different control techniques in an electrical heater
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Published:
Jun 29, 2019
Keywords:
Control, PID, Converters, temperature, AC/AC, water, efficiency
Main Article Content
Abstract
Water heating in the Ecuadorian residential sector has become a space for research and development, due to the attempt to mitigate the current spending of people and at the same time contribute actively to the energy efficiency processes that are gaining strength in the country. This document shows a comparative analysis between different ways of controlling the water temperature for a residential system using an electric heater; the response of a direct phase control AC / AC converter was analyzed, which allows to delay the firing angle of the AC wave and the response of the ON / OFF control that activates or deactivates the heater during a pre-established number of half-cycles of current alternating, for the tests a prototype of electric heater was implemented with a coil of 14 meters based on electrical resistances, with the temperature responses that are generated from each converter, we proceeded to identify the transfer function of each system since both differ in its heat transmission technique and at the same time in its mathematical model, a PID controller was then tuned for each system, obtaining good results of temperature response in both cases but only one was efficient in energy saving.
Article Details
Section
Scientific Paper
The Universidad Politécnica Salesiana of Ecuador preserves the copyrights of the published works and will favor the reuse of the works. The works are published in the electronic edition of the journal under a Creative Commons Attribution/Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 Ecuador license: they can be copied, used, disseminated, transmitted and publicly displayed.
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References
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[19] A. L. Silva, M. Varanis, A. G. Mereles, C. Oliveira, and J. M. Balthazar, “A study of strain and deformation measurement using the Arduino microcontroller and strain gauges devices,” Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. e20 180 206–1–e20 180 206–7, 00 2019. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/
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[22] H. Bory Prevez, H. Martínez García, L. Vázquez Seisdedos, F. Chang Mumañ, and L. A. Enríquez García, “Comparación entre rectificador trifásico con conmutación simétrica y convertidor ac/ac para la mejora del factor de potencia en microcentrales hidroeléctricas,” Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática industrial, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 101–111, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.4995/riai.2017.8816
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[2] N. Yamamoto, H. Yamaguchi, T. Nagano, M. Higashiuchi, and T. Nanbu, “Gas water heater,” United States Patent US D483,451 S, 2003. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2X0UKNY
[3] O. Tsutsui, S. Murakami, H. Kuwahara, and S. Yasunaga, “Instantaneous gas water heater,” United States Patent 4,501,261, 1985. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2FGK8yj
[4] T. W. Clifford, “Gas water heater and method of operation,” United States Patent US 6,880,493 B2, 2005. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2Yj5bOk
[5] J. H. Brandt, R. T. Meyer, and B. N. Plank, “Control system for a water heater,” U.S. Patent 5,797,358, 1998. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2Fvj192
[6] C. Samaniego-Ojeda, O. H. A. Hernández, and J. M. Correa, “Emisiones provocadas por combustión de GLP a partir de calefones en la ciudad de Loja y su posible relación con enfermedades respiratorias agudas (ERA’s),” CEDAMAZ, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 60–67, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2Ybqvp5
[7] M. Linares, “Contaminación intradomiciliaria,” Medwave, vol. 9, no. 1, p. e3697, 2009. [Online]. Available: http://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2009.
01.3697
[8] E. N. Correa, A. Herrerías, A. Albornoz, G. Villarroel, and A. P. Arena, “Comparación económico-ambiental del uso de energía solar respecto al gas natural para agua caliente sanitaria en la ciudad de Mendoza,” Avances en Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 01.105–01.110, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2FreMvq
[9] J. Pesántez, “Reducción de costos en el calentamiento de agua en Ecuador, a través de la sustitución de calefones con uso de GLP por sistemas de energía solar térmica,” Revista Científica y Tecnológica UPSE, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.26423/rctu.v1i1.2
[10] E. A. Meléndez Aguilera and H. Soto Nilo, Análisis comparativo, energético y ambiental, en calefones de uso doméstico que operan con gas licuado de petróleo y gas natural. Universidad de Chile, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2N9UY63
[11] Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. (2019) Real decreto 244/2019, de 5 de abril, por el que se regulan las condiciones administrativas, técnicas y económicas del autoconsumo de energía eléctrica. Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes e Igualdad, España. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/31QYG7Q
[12] Y. Valdivia Nodal, Y. Díaz Torres, and M. Lapido Rodríguez, “Alternativas de producción de agua caliente sanitaria en instalaciones hoteleras con climatización centralizada,” Revista Universidad y Sociedad, vol. 7, pp. 88–94, 12 2015. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2Y9MRrd
[13] B. Supriyo, Dadi, S. Warjono, A. Wisaksono, S. W. P. Astuti, and K. Utomo, “Pid based air heater controller implemented with Matlab/Simulink and Arduino uno,” 2018 5th International Conference on Information Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), pp. 28–32, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/icitacee.2018.8576955
[14] S. Lanfredi, R. L. Grosso, A. C. Antunes, S. R. M. Antunes, and M. A. L. Nobre, “Comportamento eléctrico a alta temperatura de termistor cerámico alfa-Fe2O3 com coeficiente de temperatura negativo,” Cerámica, vol. 54, pp. 443–450, 12 2008. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2J82hpx
[15] M. H. Rashid, Electrónica de potencia: circuitos, dispositivos y aplicaciones. Pearson Education, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2Kzz75A
[16] M. D. Khairunnas, E. Ariyanto, and S. Prabowo, “Design and implementation of smart bath water heater using Arduino,” in 2018 6th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT), May 2018, pp. 184–188. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICoICT.2018.8528772
[17] Y. A. Badamasi, “The working principle of an Arduino,” in 2014 11th International Conference on Electronics, Computer and Computation (ICECCO), Sep. 2014, pp. 1–4. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECCO.2014.6997578
[18] A. M. Vega E., F. Santamaría P., and E. Rivas T., “Internet de los objetos empleando arduino para la gestión eléctrica domiciliaria,” Revista EAN, pp. 23–41, 07 2014. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2RB2sxw
[19] A. L. Silva, M. Varanis, A. G. Mereles, C. Oliveira, and J. M. Balthazar, “A study of strain and deformation measurement using the Arduino microcontroller and strain gauges devices,” Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. e20 180 206–1–e20 180 206–7, 00 2019. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/
1806-9126-RBEF-2018-0206
[20] A. A. Custodio Ruiz and R. Torres, “Conexión directa de múltiples sensores a microcontroladores sin utilizar convertidor analógico digital,” Universidad, Ciencia y Tecnología, vol. 10, no. 39, pp. 147–151, 07 2006. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2J2ig8n
[21] P. H. Guadagnini and V. E. Barlette, “Um termômetro eletrónico de leitura direta com termistor,” Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 369–375, 09 2005. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-11172005000300011
[22] H. Bory Prevez, H. Martínez García, L. Vázquez Seisdedos, F. Chang Mumañ, and L. A. Enríquez García, “Comparación entre rectificador trifásico con conmutación simétrica y convertidor ac/ac para la mejora del factor de potencia en microcentrales hidroeléctricas,” Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática industrial, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 101–111, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.4995/riai.2017.8816
[23] C. Scianna, “Dimming circuit for led lighting device with means for holding triac in conduction,” Unioted States Patent WO 2005/115 058 A1, 2005. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2X0f3Lx
[24] A. Dytch, M. Lane, A. Keatley, and W. Wright, “Microprocessor controlled through-flow electric water heater,” U.S. Patent 4,638,147, 1987.
[25] I. A. Ruge Ruge, “Optimización de señal de control en reguladores PID con arquitectura antireset Wind-Up,” Tecnura, vol. 15, no. 30, pp. 24–31, 12 2011. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2FxFNNM
[26] L. F. Lozano-Valencia, L. F. Rodríguez-García, and D. Giraldo-Buitrago, “Diseño, implementación y validación de un controlador PID autosintonizado,” TecnoLógicas, no. 28, pp. 33–53, 06 2012. [Online]. Available: http://bit.ly/2WXkb3f