Convergence and nuances of Net Neutrality in South America
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Internet has become the ultimate platform for convergence, closely associated with network, technology, and media, due to its open and nondiscriminatory architecture. Convergence in telecommunications is propelled by ideas, ideologies, and policies progressively and cyclically, bringing further technological advancement, market, business, and policy changes. As a response to convergence, net neutrality seeks to regulate the relationship between Internet service providers and users to avoid discriminatory practices and ensure the openness of the Internet as a platform for innovation, economic development, and access to information for all. The objective of this work is to analyze the development of convergence in the telecommunications sector and the progress of net neutrality policies in South America, with five specific cases using a qualitative empirical approach. Within the findings, we identify different approaches for legislating net neutrality, controversies concerning the levels of commitment to the principles, ambiguity for effective enforcement of the rules, and commercial arrangements that in practice violate net neutrality.
Keywords
Internet, net neutrality, convergence, telecommunications, South America Internet, neutralidad en la red, convergencia, telecomunicaciones, América del Sur
References
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[2] M. Gendler, “Neutralidad de la red y servicios over the top: una compleja relación en el ecosistema de telecomunicaciones,” PAAKAT: Revista de Tecnología y Sociedad, vol. 0, no. 17, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/Pk.a9n17.362
[3] T. Wu, “Network neutrality, broadband discrimination,” Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law, vol. 2, no. 1, 2003. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3rqaES0
[4] ITU, “Trends in telecommunication reform,” International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Tech. Rep., 2013. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3bVcbct
[5] V. Stocker, G. Smaragdakis, and W. Lehr, “The state of network neutrality regulation,” ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 45–59, Mar. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3390251.3390258
[6] J. Barata Mir, “El concepto de net neutrality y la tensión entre regulación pública y autorregulación privada de las redes,” IDP. Revista de Internet, Derecho y Política, no. 13, pp. 44–52, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3e62Ykk
[7] J. Krämer, L. Wiewiorra, and C. Weinhardt, “Net neutrality: A progress report,” Telecommunications Policy, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 794–813, 2013, papers from the 40th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC 2012) Special issue on the first papers from the ’Mapping the Field’ initiative. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2012.08.005
[8] Europea Union, Official Journal of the European Union L 310, 2015, vol. 58. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3qaPAgX
[9] P. A. Vargas-Leon, Net Neutrality: An Overview of Enacted Laws in South America. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 109–126. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26425-7_10
[10] O. V. Carboni and C. Labate, “América latina por uma rede neutral: o principio da neutralidade em Chile e Brasil,” Revista FAMECOS, vol. 25, no. 2, p. ID28507, abr. 2018. [Online]. Available: https: //doi.org/10.15448/1980-3729.2018.2.28507
[11] We are social. (2020) DIGITAL 2020. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/2Ohytgu
[12] OECD and IDB, Broadband Policies for Latin America and the Caribbean: A Digital Economy Toolkit. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264251823-en
[13] R. Hahn and W. Scott, “The economics of net neutrality,” The Economists’ Voice, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1–7, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3bW0bHL
[14] B. Van Schewick, Internet Architecture and Innovation. MIT Press, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3kI8xqd
[15] R. Triviño, A. Franco, and L. Ochoa, “Net neutrality regulation in south america: A progress review,” Latin-American Journal of Computing - LAJC, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 17–26, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3uPQzXF
[16] FCC. (2015) Open internet advisory committee. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/2PvLrrw [17] G. Robb and R. Hawthorne, “Net neutrality and market power: The case of south africa,” Telecommunications Policy, vol. 43, no. 9, p. 101814, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.03.003
[18] M. Zukerfeld and B. Califano, “Discutiendo la neutralidad de la red: de los discursos dominantes a las prácticas en contextos periféricos / Debating Net Neutrality: From dominant discourses to practices in peripheral contexts,” Commons. Revista de Comunicación y Ciudadanía Digital, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 5–43, jun. 2019. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/COMMON.2019.v8.i1.01
[19] P. Viollier, O. Castro, C. Brito, and S. Pereira da Silva, Neutralidad de red en América Latina: Reglamentación, aplicación de la ley y perspectivas. Derechos Digitales América Latina, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3bZ15TJ
[20] Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones, Reglamento que regula las características y condiciones de la neutralidad de la red en el servicio de acceso a internet. Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. Santiago de Chile, Chile, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3uL3fyS
[21] J. Huerta, “La neutralidad de la red en Chile: ¿mucha sofisticación para la SUBTEL?” Digital Rights Latin American and the Caribbean, no. 30, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/30aO9ow
[22] P. Huichalaf. (2015) La neutralidad de la red: El caso chileno. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3e8gJz0
[23] R. Layton, “Which open internet framework is best for mobile app innovation?: An empirical inquiry of net neutrality rules around the world,” Ph.D. dissertation, 2017, phD supervisor: Prof. Knud Erik Skouby, Aalborg University, Denmark. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5278/vbn.phd.engsci.00181
[24] M. Correa Pérez, “Zero-rating y la neutralidad de la red en Chile,” Revista chilena de derecho y tecnología, vol. 7, pp. 107–135, 06 2018. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-2584.2018.48961
[25] SUBTEL. (2017) Subtel establece mesa de trabajo para analizar implicancias del fin de la neutralidad de red en EE. UU. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3bZkT9B
[26] Congreso de la República de Colombia, Plan Nacional de Desarrollo: 2010-2014. Todos por un nuevo país. Departamento Nacional de Planeación, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3e38BQd
[27] Fundación karisma, ¿Cómo se contrata en América Latina el acceso a Internet y qué tiene que ver con la neutralidad de la red? Fundación Karisma, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3sM0yv5
[28] Comisión de Regulación de Comunicaciones. (2011) Neutralidad en internet. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3qlKFf5
[29] J. Casasbuenas G. (2016) Neutralidad en internet: Factor que potencia el cierre de la brecha social digital. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3bbtE1a
[30] Comisión de Regulación de Comunicaciones, El rol de los servicios OTT en el sector de las comunicaciones en Colombia, impactos y perspectivas regulatorias. Comisión de Regulación de Comunicaciones, República de Colombia, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3qdyZt7
[31] Camara dos Deputados. (2016) Legislação informatizada - decreto n 8.771, de 11 de maio de 2016 - publicação original. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3bfBZkc
[32] O. V. Carboni and C. Labate, “América latina por uma rede neutral: o principio da neutralidade em chile e brasil,” Revista FAMECOS, vol. 25, no. 2, p. ID28507, abr. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-3729.2018.2.28507
[33] UNESCO, Assessing Internet Development in Brazil. Using UNESCO’s Internet Universality ROAM-X Indicators. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – UNESCO, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/2O2X74q
[34] J. Omari, “Is facebook the internet? ethnographic perspectives on open internet governance in brazil,” Law & Social Inquiry, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 1093–1112, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2020.5
[35] Asamblea Nacional, Ley orgánica de Telecomunicaciones. Asamblea Nacional de la República del Ecuador, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3rlrFgw
[36] B. Califano, “Políticas de internet: la neutralidad de la red y los desafíos para su regulación,” Revista Eptic, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 19–37, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3kJCLcx
[37] A. Delgado. (2015) Ecuador: la ley de telecomunicaciones afecta la neutralidad de la red. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3bg5a6P
[38] A. J. Carrillo, Protección a la neutralidad de la red en Ecuador, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3riDvYG
[39] M. A. Gendler, “La neutralidad de la red: Debates y acciones en argentina,” in XXXI Congreso ALAS Uruguay 2017. Las encrucijadas de América Latina. La sociología en tiempos de cambio, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/2PzdNBb
[40] L. Enzo Lufrano, “El primero te lo regalan: zero-rating de las operadoras móviles de la Argentina,” Revista Questión, vol. 1, no. 62, p. e163, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.24215/16696581e163
[41] T. Garrett, L. E. Setenareski, L. M. Peres, L. C. E. Bona, and E. P. Duarte, “Monitoring network neutrality: A survey on traffic differentiation detection,” IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2486–2517, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2812641
[42] G. T. Hoskins, “Beyond zero sum: the case for context in regulating zero rating in the global south,” Internet Policy Review, vol. 8, no. 1, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.1.1392
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Jun 29, 2021
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