|
Artículo Científico / Scientific Paper |
|
|
|
|
https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n28.2022.03 |
|
|
|
pISSN: 1390-650X / eISSN: 1390-860X |
|
|
PASSIVE CONTROL TOLERANT TO SENSING FAULTS IN
DYNAMIC COMPENSATION DEVICES- SVC THROUGH A HYBRID STRATEGY |
||
|
CONTROL PASIVO TOLERANTE A FALLOS DE SENSADO EN DISPOSITIVOS DE COMPENSACIÓN DINÁMICOS- SVC MEDIANTE UNA ESTRATEGIA HÍBRIDA |
||
|
Jessica
Ramírez1,* |
|
Received: 15-05-2022, Received after review:
13-06-2022, Accepted: 17-06-2022, Published: 01-07-2022 |
|
Abstract |
Resumen |
|
For this research, a passive fault tolerant control
system is developed for a static reactive compensator coupled to a microgrid in connected mode, oriented to those faults
that result as a consequence of common damages in their sensing systems. The
proposed method uses a robust optimal controller by H∞ and artificial
neural networks as a nonlinear estimation method. Simulations, validation,
plant identification and controller design are carried out using a microgrid Benchmark system, programmed in Matlab/Simulink. The research shows valuable results such
as: the improvement in the reliability and resilience of static compensators
against sensing failures, improvements in the behavior of the output signal
of the static compensator controller exposed to sensing failures and the
decrease in error with respect to classic controller. |
Para esta investigación se desarrolla un sistema de control tolerante a fallos pasivos para un compensador reactivo estático acoplado a una micro-red en modo conectado, orientado a aquellos fallos que resultan como consecuencia de daños comunes en sus sistemas de sensado. El método planteado utiliza un controlador óptimo robusto por H∞ y redes neuronales artificiales como método de estimación no lineal. Las simulaciones, la validación, la identificación de la planta y el diseño del controlador se llevan a cabo por medio de un sistema Benchmark de una micro-red, programado en Matlab/Simulink. La investigación muestra valiosos resultados como: el mejoramiento en la confiabilidad y resiliencia de los compensadores estáticos ante fallas de sensad, mejoras en el comportamiento de la señal de salida del controlador del compensador estático expuesto a los fallos de sensado, disminución el error con respecto al controlador clásico. |
|
Keywords: DSTATCOM, FTC, H∞, Microgrids,
NARX, Robust control |
Palabras clave: Control robusto, DSTATCOM, FTC, H∞, Micro-red, NARX |
|
1,* Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Politécnica
Salesiana, Quito - Ecuador. Corresponding author ✉: jramirezg4@est.ups.edu.ec Suggested
citation: Ramírez, J.; Ortiz, L. and Aguila, A. “Passive Control Tolerant to Sensing Faults in
dynamic compensation devices - SVC through a hybrid strategy,” Ingenius, Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología, N.◦
28, pp. 34-43, 2022, doi:
https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n28.2022.03. |
|
1.
Introduction The energy needs in the earth
continue to increase especially due to the rise of industries and the needs related
to transportation. In this way, such requirements have led to the emergence
of new forms of electricity generation through renewable energy resources and
the use of networks smaller than the traditional ones called Microgrids (MG) [1–3]. MG can be understood as an small-scale electrical systems containing several
distributed generators, loads, and energy storage systems [1, 4–6]. Due to the emergence
of new types of loads such as electric vehicles and storage systems that work
with direct current, which are connected together with alternating current
loads that are the most recurrent in home networks [4]. Mixed or hybrid AC/DC
type MGs have taken on special relevance for researchers, due to the
feasibility offered by each type of MG, with the only need to include energy
conversion devices that work with power electronics elements [7–13]. Due to their
characteristics, MGs must be able to function both in connected network mode
and independently, and for each mode there must be a correct operation and control,
which should even be able to withstand certain problems and failures [1, 4,
13, 14]. The operations
control should also consider characteristic features of certain type of
generation such as wind and solar, where variability and intermittency are common;
and they are aspects that should consider for an
continuous, stable, safe and resilient operation of the Hybrid MR. There are
differences and significant changes to a traditional electrical network,
compared to features offered by MG, in especially those that operate in AC
and DC. In matters related to control and the problems that could occur in
the operation, such changes are directly related to the existence of
distributed control operations and the existence of power flows that they are
bidirectional [15, 16]. As previously
indicated, one of the most relevant aspects of proper functioning of the MG
is the presence of robust control; the same that should be able to withstand
the existence of failures in various components of the control system and the
MG. During fault events
and sensor and actuators malfunction of the various subsystems of the MG, the
control systems with more traditional feedback may not be able to guarantee
the system stability or performance of all components. Therefore, there are
new strategies for the management of this type of network as we can mention
the fault tolerant controls (FTC) [1, 13, 14, 17]. Such strategies allow the
emergence of fault-tolerant control systems (FTCS), which can overcome the
aforementioned deficiencies. [18]. Fault-tolerant
controls can be divided into two groups: active controls (AFTCS), which are
those that contain diagnostic strategies and fault detection in real time
through |
the use of information. Active
control systems also contain reconfiguration mechanisms that allow the MG to
be maintained stable and with acceptable performance even when there are
failures in various system components. [1, 18, 19]. Fault-tolerant
controls that are passive are instead designed to have a single robust
structure, that is, they have no way of being automatically reconfigured
during fault events. Another difference is that they do not consider the
information that a fault detection and diagnosis system (FDD) may have. [1,
18]. Fault tolerant control systems have been studied extensively and there are several proposals that work in connected network mode and also when MG operates independently. The operation in connected mode to the conventional network is supported in the parameters of the main network and most of the proposals that have been previously established are related to the use of capacitor banks and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS). In the case of advanced control strategies, voltage regulations are also used in the generation zones, although the controllers can be directly in the element to be controlled, as shown in Figure 1. [1], [20].
Figure 1. Fault tolerant control On the other hand, in
isolated operation, the researchers have determined that there are other
needs, such as the correct choice of the generator system that becomes the
frequency leader. [20]. Mainly when there is
a high penetration of generation sources with renewable energies in which the
inherent characteristics of intermittence and discontinuity and complicate
the use of traditional MG control strategies [20]. In
[20] an FTC system is presented that allows fault tolerance based on an
adaptive controller based on the model through a PID control tuned by genetic
algorithm and a structure with intelligence, it is stated that this structure
guarantees monitoring of the conditions of the MR, which allows regulation of
frequency, |
|
voltage amplitude.
The existence of fault scenarios including actuator failures, sudden load
connection, as well as short duration faults is proposed; which allows
testing the performance of the proposed method. In [21] an FTC
strategy is presented to deal with loss of effectiveness and lock-in-place
faults that occur con an SVC, the strategy used in that document use an
adaptive backstepping technique with a dynamic
surface control (DSC). The results of the investigation shows
that the strategy can produce a good performance over signals in the closed-loop
system under the occurrence of the described faults. Other investigations
center their attention on faulttolerant controllers
for a wide area control system but doesn’t center on an SVC. The controller
generally finds a way to deal with faults over communications of signals to
control de whole system while other investigations use static or dynamic
compensations systems to control the angle of synchronous machines where
robust control try to maintain the machine in good operational conditions [22]. 2.
Materials and
methods 2.1.
Microgrids MGs are in general a revolutionary
set of elements that work together to generate, transport and supply power to
a set of loads in a certain geographical area that can operate in isolated or
with an interconnection link with a conventional network. This implies that a
MG must have generation elements and loads that seek a constant balance based
on the available resources at a technological and environmental level. In
general, MGs make use of generation systems that take advantage of renewable
resources such as water, wind, heat or radiation from the sun. [23, 24]. Generation systems
and consumption points are linked by distribution systems that can be AC or
DC, as shown in figure 1, with the corresponding need to have AC/DC or DC/AC
conversion elements. On the other hand, and due to the need to cover
deficiencies that could arise from the implications of a complete system but
with limited resources, reactive compensation systems and even storage
systems can be made available, which in the long term can improve the quality
of service. [25–27]. 2.2.
Neuronal
network A fairly simple abstract model of
the functioning of an artificial neuron can be conceived, which can be seen
in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Artificial neuron |
The artificial
neuron is composed of a set of weights represented in the values W1,
W2, Wm and that represents the synaptic connections
of a real neuron, a vector x that composes the inputs and finally an output
of the unit represented by y which is the result of an activation function. An artificial neural
network is the computational composition of multiple elementary processors composed
of an adaptive system that, through an algorithm, is capable of adjusting its
weights in order to improve performance with the use of samples. One of the
main advantages of the use of artificial neural networks is the ease of use
of training data through supervised or unsupervised processes. The supervised
process occurs by making use of well-known input and output data, expecting
that the output data of the neural network is as similar as possible to the
output data that is available. Unsupervised learning makes use of a set of
patterns that are valid to find structures or configurations that are present
in the data [28]. 2.3.
Static VAR
compensator (SVC) Within the FACT type devices, the static
reactive compensator falls into the category of those that have a bypass
connection. The device in question consists of an inductor controlled by
means of power electronics called thyristors and
which receives the name of TCR [29]. Through the correct control of the TCR
tripping, a variation of the reactance is achieved which, in the long term,
implies a change in the consumption of reactive power at the connection point
of the compensator, then it is possible to improve the power factor at said
point. In this point the bus voltage is also checked [29–32]. The device is
controlled by modifying the firing angle of the power elements that make up
the SVC. This logic control is issued by control loops that may contain PI,
PID controllers or even more robust options such as the one that will be
implemented in the present investigation. [33–37]. The reactive compensation
devices are used in the MR in order to compensate the power factor that is
outside normal parameters [29–37]. Due to the effects of the loads connected
to the system, an alteration in the power factor results in the affectation
of the system voltage in the system bars [29–37] . On the other hand,
it is usual that in the MG the generation systems require consumption or due
to their own generation principles cause modifications in the reactive values
which can cause a drop in the output voltage of the units and therefore a
drop in power. The problem can be solved with the installation of an SVC
[29–37]. 2.4. H- infinite (H∞) It is used to achieve controllers
with guaranteed performance and that are stable, the use of these models is
presented as an optimization problem through which a model that meets the
objective is found. One of the main advantages of the method is that it is
widely applicable in multivariable systems, while part of the disadvantages include a high level of mathematical knowledge and an
understanding of the system to be controlled. |
|
The name of the method is based on the fact
that the optimization is carried out on the so-called Hardy space in the
positive half of the complex plane and represents the maximum value on the
mentioned space, being understood as the maximum gain in any direction and at
any frequency for a SISO system. It is the maximum magnitude of the frequency
response. Among its uses is the reduction of the impact of a disturbance in a
closed loop that can be observed as stability or performance.
The plant has inputs
composed of an exogenous input that includes a reference signal, disturbances
and manipulated signals. On the other hand, there are outputs between which
there is an error signal that must be minimized and the measured variables
that will be used as control signals in the system. By means of the measured
signals and the value of K, the manipulated variables can be calculated.
Expression (1) is used to formulate the problem in matrix form [17, 38, 39]. It is possible to calculate the
dependence of z on w by means of the lower linear fractional
transformation (LFT) which is shown in expression (2), where Fl × (P, K) represents the result of
the LFT that can be used to find the relation between z and w.
According to the aforementioned, it
is known that the objective of the method in question requires finding a
controller K such that Fl × (P, K)
is minimized according to the norm H∞ being the same applicable to the
design carried out by means of H2. There are some techniques to
achieve the objective, among which the Youla-Kucera
parameterization that leads to very high order controllers, methods based on
the resolution of 2 Riccati equations requiring
many simplifications and finally the method based |
on optimization with a
reformulation of Riccati using linear matrices of
inequalities, a method that requires few assumptions [17]. 2.5. Fault tolerant controller design The control signal is manipulated
directly by the controller, which replaces a traditional PI type controller
that was part of the control system and whose performance will be compared
with the H∞ controller.
Figure 3. Controller zone Figure 3 illustrates the area of
the controller into which the robust controller is inserted. It can be seen
that the variables that are measured are those that correspond to voltage
signals in addition to having values that correspond to references necessary
to generate adequate control signals. On the other hand,
figure 4 shows the way in which the designed controller is placed inside the
voltage regulator considering the need to reduce the error to 0. The error
corresponds to those values that result from the difference between the
voltage measured and the reference voltage in addition to subtracting the value
corresponding to the control signal in this case represented by the Bsvc. It is understood that the controller acts directly
on the control signal.
Figure 4. Voltage regulator design |
|
2.6.
Problem
Formulation A controller is said to be fault
tolerant when this controller is capable of maintaining the control
objectives despite the fact that it is subject to the occurrence of faults,
the faults in question can be additive or nonadditive
faults depending on the alteration that they cause. These alterations to the
measurements that in the long term create modifications in the equations of
the space of states. While non-additive or multiplicative faults cause
changes in the terms of the state space. Fault tolerance can
be achieved by passive or active strategies, in some cases being able to
maintain the controller with changes in its parameters, while in other cases
the control laws can be reconfigured [1,13]
Figure 5. Microgrid Diagram 3.
Results and
Discussion 3.1. Study case For the present study, the use of
a benchmark-type test system is proposed, which represents an MG of 14 bars |
composed of 2 energy storage systems,
2 photovoltaic generation plants, 1 diesel generator, an
one interconnection point with a conventional network. In addition to linear
and non-linear loads and finally an SVC, the mentioned model can be seen in
Figure 5 [3]. The controller is
subjected to simulations to obtain a detailed model of the plant through the
use of state spaces, the simulation process yields a plant of the SVC
controller. The proposed method is tested with the occurrence of
non-malicious sensing failures of incipient and abrupt type in the primary of
the control system, the fault tolerant controller designed by means of the H∞
methodology is implemented within of the SVC. 3.2. Results The controller that is obtained
through the design process proposed in this document yields the parameters
for the controller according to what is shown by expression (3), where A,
B, C and D represent the arrays that form the state space that
describes the voltage controller region of the SVC.
On the other hand,
the implemented neural network is designed to work with 2 inputs, each layer
has a total of 10 neurons in its hidden layer while each one has 3 output
neurons. There are 2 NARX type systems available and each one is used
independently to work with the primary and secondary
signals. Based on what was stated in the previous chapters, the simulations
corresponding to the faults are developed. The occurrence of the fault is
planned with an occurrence time of 0.4 seconds of the simulation. Once the MR
has already found stability at its point of operation. The faults occur
according to what is explained by different factors that trigger alterations
in the signals acquired from the primary, the faults tested are incipient
according to what is shown in figure 6 and 9, another of an abrupt type that
is displayed in figure 7. |
|
Figure 6. Incipient failure in primary
Figure 7. Abrupt failure in primary It can be seen that
the abrupt failure that occurs at 0.4 seconds of simulation causes an output
with a value of 0, which suggests a disconnection of the voltage sensor
involved. The signals shown
above were tested in order to verify how a sensing failure can cause
undesired changes in the control signals of devices linked to said signals.
In this specific case the control signal that triggers the triggering of the
detection devices power involved in the operation of SVCs. The signals were
introduced in the controller with a PI method and also with the robust
controller. 3.3. Incipiet failure Figure 8 shows a comparison of the
performance of both control methods and how they develop before the
occurrence of the incipient failure. |
Figure 8. Control action: incipient failure It can be seen that
the control action resulting from both methods is completely different in
form and magnitude. The control action resulting from the PI controller has a
magnitude that varies between 0 and -1.2 approximately, while the control
action resulting from the designed controller with H∞ varying between 0
and 4x10−15. These magnitudes are altered by the reference
points to which the system is subject prior to 0.4 seconds of occurrence of
the fault and once the fault occurs immediately the control action is
modified. For a better
understanding of the behavior, Figure 9 is presented, which illustrates the error
value that occurs with each control action, which should be minimized. It is
observed that when the fault occurs, the behavior of the control action of
the controller PI tends to a constantly growing divergence, while in the case
of the controller built in the present investigation, the error tends to
change but the change is minimal compared to the more traditional control
action.
Figure 9. Error: incipient failure |
|
Figure 10 shows the behavior of the output
voltage (p.u) in phase A after the signal is
processed by the controller H∞ and a stage composed of an artificial neural network. Once
the fault occurs, the voltage tends to have a fluctuation as an expected
effect without this modification being significant, since it has a variation
of 0.02 units with respect to the pre-fault condition.
Figure 10. Voltage RMS (p.u), phase A: incipient fault 3.4. Abrupt failure In a similar way to
what was reviewed with the incipient failure, the results obtained are
presented for the case in which the failure is of the abrupt type, Figure 11
shows the behavior of the control action subject to the abrupt failure.
Figure 11. Control action: abrupt
failure It can be visualized
again that the control action with a traditional controller has a variation
between -1.2 and 3.5 units, having a sudden change at 0.4 seconds in the
occurrence of a fault. On the other hand, the control action with the use of
the H∞ system is maintained in the interval between 0 and 4x10-15
with a behavior similar to that obtained in the previous fault studied, the
controller even shows a lower fluctuation after 0.4 seconds from incipient
failure. |
Figure
12. Error: abrupt failure Figure 12
corresponding to the error produced as an effect of the control action with
both controllers is also presented. Once again it is evident that the error
caused by the controller H∞ is much lower than that produced by the PI
controller after the occurrence of the fault, the PI controller again causes
a divergence in the error, although in this case the error stabilizes in a
short period of time. As previously
reviewed, the RMS voltage value in phase A is plotted as an effect of the
implementation of the robust controller, the result is shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Voltage RMS (p.u), phase A: abrupt failure Since the error
produced by the control action is small the variation that occurs in the
voltage is also small which validates the robustness of the controller in the
event of sensing failures. 4.
Conclusions It is verified that implementing a
fault tolerant controller designed by means of H∞ improves the capacity
of the controllers to support alterations produced by failure events in the
controller input, the performance is much better than a conventional PI type
controller. The new controller strategy is effective to maintain the
stability action without significant changes. |
|
The operation of the
controller designed by means of simulation in software specialized in
simulation of dynamic systems Simulink/Matlab is
successfully tested. The software allowed to carry out simulations in order
to carry out the identification of the system in addition to the controller
design and its validation in a Microgrids
implemented by means of a Benchmark system. The designed passive
sensing fault-tolerant control system shows better performance in the event
of an abrupt fault compared to an incipient fault, the designed parameters of
the controller were successfully calculated, although in both cases it is
significantly better than a traditional controller. The designed passive
sensing fault-tolerant control system shows better performance in the event
of an abrupt fault compared to an incipient fault, the designed parameters of
the controller were successfully calculated, although in both cases it is
significantly better than a traditional controller. It is proposed to
introduce the methodology of this academic article for the development of
robust controllers that can withstand malicious failures and the occurrence
of other types of failures as well as in different types of devices that
require a robust control action. On the other hand, it is proposed to carry
out comparative research with selection algorithms that allow selecting the
best control action that is the result of different methodologies to improve
its performance. References [1] L. Ortiz, J. W. González, L. B. Gutierrez, and O. Llanes-Santiago, “A review on control and fault-tolerant control systems of AC/DC microgrids,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 8, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04799 [2] Á. J. Pérez Pazmiño and L. Ortiz Matos, “Despliegue óptimo de
redes de distribución y generación distribuida para microrredes
eléctricas hibridas CA aisladas usando método heurístico,” Serie
Científica de la Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas, vol. 15, no.
1, pp. 80–96, 2022. [Online].
Available: https://bit.ly/3Oj9FP0 [3] L. Ortiz, R. Orizondo, A. Aguila, J. W. Gonz, I. Isaac, and J. L. Gabriel, “Hybrid AC / DC microgrid test system simulation: grid-connected mode,” Heliyon, vol. 5, no. August, p. 21, 2019.
[Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02862 |
[4] F. Chishti and
B. Singh, “Hybrid control of renewable based microgrid
synchronized to 3p4w ac distribution network,” in 2021 4th Biennial International
Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering (ICNTE), 2021, pp. 1–6.
[Online]. Available: https: //doi.org/10.1109/ICNTE51185.2021.9487755 [5] M. Zolfaghari, G. B. Gharehpetian, M. Shafiekhah, and J. P. Catalão, “Comprehensive review on the strategies for controlling the interconnection of AC and DC microgrids,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 136, no. October 2021, p. 107742, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107742 [6] M. Ortiz and E. M. Garcia Torres,
“Pronóstico de la demanda eléctrica residencial basado en el modelo de
regresión adaptativa mulltivariante spline (MARS),” p. 32, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3yewXQw [7] H. Yu, S. Niu, Z. Shao, and L. Jian, “A scalable and reconfigurable hybrid AC/DC microgrid clustering architecture with decentralized control for coordinated operation,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 135, p. 107476, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107476 [8] K. Beleño, J. Berrio, A. Pardo, and G. Oscar, “Diseño de una smart grid para un sistema
híbrido de energía,” Prospectiva, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 94–101, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.15665/rp.v11i2.44 [9] E. Baneshi, S. M. H. kalali, and A. B. Dehkordi, “Microgrid optimal planning in two functional modes grid connected and the intentional islanding,” in 2019 5th Conference on Knowledge Based Engineering and Innovation (KBEI), 2019, pp. 857–863. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/KBEI.2019.8735048 [10] D. Carrión and L. Ortiz, “Generación distribuida a partir de
bicicletas estáticas y sistemas híbridos,” Ingenius,
no. 10, pp. 44–48, 2013. [Online].
Available: https://doi.org/10.17163/ings.n10.2013.05 [11] L. O. Matos, L.
B. Gutiérrez, J. W. Sénchez, and A. A. Téllez, “An arx-petri nets
algorithm for active identification of an ac/dc microgrid
simulation,” in 2019 IEEE 4th Colombian Conference on Automatic Control
(CCAC), 2019, pp. 1–6. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/CCAC.2019.8921191 |
|
[12] J. R. Collaguazo Solís and L. Ortiz Matos, “Control de voltaje óptimo para sistemas de almacenamiento de energía de batería (BESS) acoplados a microrredes de AC utilizando algoritmos LQG.” [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3OBT48Z [13] S. X. Garrido Jácome and L. Ortiz Matos, “Estrategia activa de tolerancia a fallas para el control Buck-Boost de micro-redes eléctricas en DC,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3bo7D1r [14] S. P. Quishpe Guamantica
and L. Ortiz Matos, “Detección de fallas de sensado
en convertidores CA/CC para micro-redes híbridas usando análisis de
componentes principales (PCA),” 2021. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3QKPKdJ [15] M. Hosseinzadeh and F. R. Salmasi, “Fault-Tolerant Supervisory Controller for a Hybrid AC/DC Micro-Grid,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 2809–2823, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2620803 [16] G. X. Álvarez Yanchapanta and H. I. Vaca Vallejo, “Diseño de una microred híbrida a base de energía fotovoltaica y energía térmica diesel para reducir la contaminación ambiental,” Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas. ESPE, pp. 1–5, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3xN2Eiw [17] A. F. Falcón Ayala and L. Ortiz Matos, “Confiabilidad en microredes eléctricas AC/DC usando control robusto H∞
y estrategias de tolerancia a fallas,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3bqDOO5 [18] S. Jadidi, H. Badihi, and Y.
Zhang, “Passive fault-tolerant control of pwm
converter in a hybrid ac/dc microgrid,” in 2019
IEEE 2nd International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Engineering
(REPE), 2019, pp. 90–94. [Online]. Available: https:
//doi.org/10.1109/REPE48501.2019.9025123 [19] B. N. Alhasnawi, B. H. Jasim, and B.
E. Sedhom, “Distributed secondary consensus fault
tolerant control method for voltage and frequency restoration and power
sharing control in multi-agent microgrid,” International
Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 133, no. August
2020, p. 107251, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107251 [20] A. Vargas-Martínez, L. I. M. Avila, Y. Zhang, L. E. Garza-Castañón, and E. R. C. Ortiz, “Model-based fault-tolerant
control to guarantee the performance of a hybrid winddiesel
power system in a microgrid configuration,” Procedia
Computer Science, vol. 19, no. Seit, pp.
712–719, 2013. [Online]. Available:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.06.094 |
[21] Y. Xu, S. Tong,
and Y. Li, “Adaptive fuzzy fault-tolerant control of static var compensator based on dynamic surface control
technique,” Nonlinear Dynamics, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 2013–2023, 2013.
[Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-013-0919-3 [22] F. Rafael and
S. Sevilla, “Fault-tolerant Wide-area Control of
Power Systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3tXSNW6 [23] A. Alexander,
L. Ortiz, R. Orizondo, and G. López,
“Optimal location and dimensioning of capacitors in microgrids
using a multicriteria decision algorithm,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 9, p. e08061, 2021. [Online].
Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08061 [24] L. Ortiz-Matos,
A. Aguila-Tellez, R. Hincapié-
Reyes, and J. González-Sanchez, “Multicriteria
optimization of the deployment of a grid for rural electrification based on a
heuristic method,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,
vol. 73, p. 012020, jul 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/73/1/012020 [25] K. Wang, Y. Ma,
P. Ding, R. Mu, and R. Sun, “Operation control strategy for
photovoltaic/battery micro-grid,” in 2018 China International Conference
on Electricity Distribution (CICED), 2018, pp. 821–824. [Online].
Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/CICED.2018.8592593 [26] U. Akram, M. Khalid, and S. Shafiq,
“Optimizing a grid-connected micro-grid with optimal renewable generation and
battery energy storage,” in 2017 9th IEEEGCC Conference and Exhibition
(GCCCE), 2017, pp. 1–9. [Online]. Available: https:
//doi.org/10.1109/IEEEGCC.2017.8448232 [27] Y.-G. Lv, C.-Y. Long, and T.-Q. Cai,
“Research on coordinated operating control of micro-grid power system
including wind power, photovoltaic system and battery storage,” in 2014
International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, vol. 1,
2014, pp. 181–187. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMLC.2014.7009114 [28] K. Gurney, An
Introduction to Neural Networks. CRC Press, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315273570 [29] S. Bharti, S. Dewangan, and S. Ram, “Performance of wind farm
distribution system under balanced and unbalanced condition with svc & statcom,” in 2016 International Conference on Electrical
Power and Energy Systems (ICEPES), 2016, pp. 182–187. [Online]. Available:
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEPES.2016.7915927 |
|
[30] J. Aho and J. Turunen, “Power
quality support for industrial load using hybrid svc,” in 22nd
International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED
2013), 2013, pp. 1–4. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.1049 [31] X. Yang, W. Wang, and W. Jin, “The influence and control measures of distributed photovoltaic generation on the voltage in distribution system,” in 2012 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution, 2012, pp. 1–4. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/CICED.2012.6508538 [32] D. Jacome and A. Águila, “Localización y dimensionamiento óptimo de dispositivos SVC para la compensación de potencia reactiva en SEP,” pp. 1–17, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3bhLlyx [33] H. Ebrahimirad, A. Choobdar, and G. Dehnavi, “A new control approach for voltage quality improvement in distribution power system by means of an svc,” in 2008 4th IET Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, 2008, pp. 583–586. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:20080588 [34] Y. Y. Ojeda-Rebolledo, L. D. Pabón-Fernández, E. Caicedo-Peñaranda, J. L. Díaz-Rodríguez, and A. Pardo-García, “Compensador estático var para sistemas de distribución,” Mundo Fesc, vol. 11, no. 21, pp. 70–86, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/39LZFiv [35] K. Tsunedomi, Y. Imazu, S. Tamura, T. Sodeyama,
T. Omori, D. Cheung, M. Parr, and S. Gough, “Effectiveness of d-svc on rural
networks,” in 22nd |
International Conference and
Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013), 2013, pp. 1–4. [Online].
Available: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.1020 [36] N. Demirovic, “Impact of statcom
and svc to voltage control in systems with wind farms using induction
generators (ig),” in Mediterranean Conference on
Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion (MedPower 2016), 2016, pp. 1–6. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2016.1069 [37] R. Gitibin and F. Hoseinzadeh,
“Comparison of d-svc and d-statcom for performance
enhancement of the distribution networks connected wecs
including voltage dependent load models,” in 2015 20th Conference on
Electrical Power Distribution Networks Conference (EPDC), 2015, pp.
90–100. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/EPDC.2015.7330479 [38] W. Tian, Y.
Wang, W. Deng, and L. Li, “H-infinity control for a class of multiple time
delay fuzzy descriptor systems,” in 2013 6th International Conference on
Intelligent Networks and Intelligent Systems (ICINIS), 2013, pp. 115–118.
[Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICINIS.2013.36 [39] D. N. Abara and
A. Lanzon, “H-infinity-pid controller for an open-loop unstable system,” in 2017
IEEE 3rd International Conference on Electro-Technology for National
Development (NIGERCON), 2017, pp. 134–138. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/NIGERCON.2017.
8281886 |