Actividad biológica de hongos endófitos presentes en dos plantas medicinales chuquirahua (Chuquiragua jussieui J. F. Gmel) y ñachag (Bidens andicola Kunth)
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Resumen
La presente es una investigación acerca de la actividad biológica de hongos endófitos aislados de dos plantas consideradas medicinales Chuquiragua jussieui J.F. Gmel y Bidens andicola Kunth, recolectadas en tres zonas diferentes del parque nacional Cajas de Cuenca, Ecuador. Los taxa fúngicos más frecuentes fueron: Alternaria, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Phoma, Coelomycetes, el mayor porcentaje de infestación correspondió a los denominados «Mycelia sterilia» (micelios estériles) siendo de particular interés su actividad antagonista. Se evaluó in vitro, la interacción antagónica de estos hongos endófitos, frente, a hongos fitopatógenos: Botrytis cinerea, Phragmidium disciflorum, Colletotrichum gloesporoides, Oidium Sp. Guignardia citricarpa, Pestalotia Sp. Plasmopara viticola, Pythium Sp.Taphrina deformans, Fumago Sp. Monilia roreri, Ceratocystis fimbriata, Bremia lactucae. Los resultados más prometedores se evidenciaron en aislados de «Mycelia sterilia» (estructuras no esporificantes) con un porcentaje del 89,1% frente al Colletotrichum gloesporoides agente causal de la antracnosis en el tomate de árbol. Además se hizo el análisis in vitro frente a bacterias fitopatógenas de los géneros: Erwinia Sp. Agrobacterium tumefacens, Pseudomonas Sp. y Xanthomonas Sp. Algunas cepas de hongos endófitos de los taxa mencionados, presentaron actividad antagonista, el objetivo de esta investigación y análisis es determinar los niveles y porcentajes de antagonismo, para el uso de los hongos endófitos en el control de enfermedades fitopatógenas causadas por hongos y bacterias. Los resultados son muy satisfactorios, según lo encontrado.
Palabras Clave
Hongo endófito, cultivo dual, antagonismo
Citas
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Sridhar, K.R. and Raviraja, N.S. (1995). Endophytes – A crucial issue. Current Sci. 69, 570-571.
Pearce, M.H. (1990). in vitro interactions between Armillaria luteobubalina and other wood decay fungi. Mycol. Res. 94, 753-761.
Varese, G.C. and Luppi-Mosca, A.M. (1991). Funghi rizoplanici di Fagus selvatica L. e loro interazioni. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 125, 254.
Watanabe,T. (1980). A new variety of Verticillium sphaerosporum an endoparasite of nematode and its antagonism to soil-borne plant pathogens. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan 46, 598—606.
Wennström, A. (1994). Endophyte: the misuse of an old term. Oikos 71, 535-536.
Wennström, A. and Ericson, L. (1994). The effect of the systemic smut Urocystis
Wilson, R., Wheatcroft, R., Miller, J.D. and Whitney, N.J. (1995). Genetic diversity among natural populations of endophytic Lophodermium pinastri from Pinus resinosa. Mycol. Res. 98, 740-744.
Andrews, J.H. 1984. Life history strategies of plant parasites. In Ingram, D.S. and Williams P.H. (eds.), Advances in Plant Pathology – Vol. 2. Academic Press, London, 303 pp.
Andrews, J.H. 1992. Fungal life history strategies. In Carrol, G.C. and Wicklow, D.T. (eds.), the fungal community: its organization and role in ecosystem. 2nd Ed. Dekker, New York, pp. 119-146.
Andrews, J.H. and Rouse, D.I. 1982. Plant pathogens and the theory of r- and K- selection.American Nat. 120, 283-296.
Andrews, J.H. and Hirano, S.S. (eds.), Microbial Ecology of Leaves. Springer-Verlag, New-York, pp. 358-375.
Bacon, C.W. and Williamson, J.W. 1992. Interactions of Fusarium moniliforme, its metabolites and bacteria with corn. Mycopath. 117, 65-71.
Bacon, C.W., Lyons, P.C., Porter, J.K. and Robbins, J.D. 1986.
Ergot toxicity from endophyte-infected grasses: a review. Agron. J. 78, 106-116.
Bacon, C.W. and Siegel, M.R. 1988. Endophyte parasitism of tall fescue. J. Product. Agricult. 1, 45-55. Barklund, P. and Unestam, T. 1988. Infection experiments with Gremmienella abietina on seedlings of Norway spruce and scots pine. Eur. J.
For. Pathol. 18, 409-420.
Barret, J.A. 1983. Plant-fungus symbioses. In Futuyma, D.J. and Slatkin, M. (eds.), Coevolution. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass, pp. 137-160.
Barret, J.A. 1986. Host-parasite interactions and systematics. In Stone, A.R. and Hawskworth, D.L. (eds.), Coevolution and Systematics. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 1-17.
Carrol, G.C. (1988). Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: from latent insect pathogen to mutualistic symbiont. Ecology 69, 2-9.
Carrol, G.C. 1991. Beyond pest deterrence – Alternative strategies and hidden costs of endophytic mutualisms in vascular plants.
Carrol, F.E., Müller, E. and Sutton, B.C. 1977. Preliminary studies on the incidence of needle endophytes in some European conifers. Sydowia pp. 29, 87-103.
Dalla Valle, E. and Zechini D’Aulerio, A. 1989. Antagonismo in vitro tra Trichoderma viride e Rhizoctonia solani isolata da Pathos. Micologia Italiana pp. 3, 71-76.
Dreyfuss, M. and Petrini, O. 1984. Further investigations on the occurrence and distribution of endophytic fungi in tropical plants. Botánica Helvetica pp94,33-40.
Dreyfuss, M. 1989. Microbial diversity. Microbial Metabolites as sources for new drugs. Princeton Drug Research Symposia, Princeton, pp. 213
De Bary, A. 1866. Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze, Flechten, und Myxomyceten.Vol. II. Hofmeister’s Handbook of Phisiological Botany, Leipzig.
Luppi-Mosca, A.M. 1960. Sobre la micoflora del terreno de un bosque de Pinus nigra var. Laricio. An. Inst. Bot. A.J. Cavanilles pp.18, 91-108.
Neill, J.C. 1941. The endophytes of Lolium and Festuca. New Zealand J. Sci. Technol. pp 23, 18593.
Petrini, O. 1981. Fungal endophytes of tree leaves. In Andrews, J.H. and Hirano, S.S. (eds.),microbial Ecology of Leaves. Springer-Verlag, New-York, pp. 179197.
Petrini, O. 1986. Taxonomy of endophytic fungi in aerial plant tissues. In Fokkema, N.J. and van den Heuvel, J. (eds.), Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.175-187.
Petrini, O. and Dreyfuss, M. 1981. Endophytische Pilze in epiphytischen Araceae, Bromeliaceae und Orchidaceae. Sydowia pp. 34, 135-145.
Petrini, O., Fisher, P.J. and Petrini, L.E. 1992. Fungal endophytes of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) with some reflections on their use in biological control. Sydowia pp. 282-293.
Rodrigues, K.F. (1992). Endophytic fungi in the tropical palm Euterpe oleracea Mart. Ph. D. Thesis City University of New York, Lehman College, pp. 258
Rodrigues, K.F. (1996). Fungal endophytes of palm. In Redlin, S.C. and Carras, M.L. (eds.), Endophytic Fungi in Grasses and Woody Plants. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, pp. 121-132.
Rodrigues, K.F. and Samuels, G.J. (1990). Preliminary study of endophytic fungi in a tropical palm. Mycol. Res. pp. 94, 827-830.
Rodrigues, K.F. and Samuels, G.J. 1992. Species endophytic in palms. Mycotaxon 43, 271-276.
Sridhar, K.R. and Raviraja, N.S. (1995). Endophytes – A crucial issue. Current Sci. 69, 570-571.
Pearce, M.H. (1990). in vitro interactions between Armillaria luteobubalina and other wood decay fungi. Mycol. Res. 94, 753-761.
Varese, G.C. and Luppi-Mosca, A.M. (1991). Funghi rizoplanici di Fagus selvatica L. e loro interazioni. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 125, 254.
Watanabe,T. (1980). A new variety of Verticillium sphaerosporum an endoparasite of nematode and its antagonism to soil-borne plant pathogens. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan 46, 598—606.
Wennström, A. (1994). Endophyte: the misuse of an old term. Oikos 71, 535-536.
Wennström, A. and Ericson, L. (1994). The effect of the systemic smut Urocystis
Wilson, R., Wheatcroft, R., Miller, J.D. and Whitney, N.J. (1995). Genetic diversity among natural populations of endophytic Lophodermium pinastri from Pinus resinosa. Mycol. Res. 98, 740-744.